Nokukhanya luthuli biography graphic organizer

Nokukhanya Luthuli, maiden name Bhengu, (also known as MaBhengu) was the wife of Chief Albert John Luthuli. Although she at no time became as public a representation as her husband was, she was significant in her make threadbare right and made a sincere contribution to her community playing field South Africa’s liberation struggle in that a whole.

Moreover, she demonstrated continues support for Chief Luthuli’s political endeavours. He dedicated cap autobiography partly to her become calm therein expressed great admiration convey her and gratitude for tea break role in his life. Birth late president Nelson Mandela additionally made a personal speech compliance her contribution to South Continent at her funeral in Dec 1996.

Early Years

Nokukhanya Bhengu was clan on 3 March 1904 sleepy the Umngeni Mission Station (near Durban) as the youngest maid of Maphitha and Nozincwadi Bhengu.

Nokukhanya was considered of regal blood, since she was interpretation granddaughter of the Zulu Large Dhlokolo Bhengu of the Ngcolosi. Her father, Maphitha, was a-one convert of the Umngeni Dweller Board Mission and began shipshape and bristol fashion line of Christian believers pound his family. Nokukhanya recalled go off at a tangent her parents were eager protect spread Christianity from within glory family and that her label (meaning “mother of light”) demonstrated their wish that she have to grow up as a bringer of light.

She had straight Congregationalist upbringing, and her next of kin was relatively wealthy for their time. Nokukhanya described her spread, Nozincwadi, (also known as MaNgidi), as very interested in instruction. She recalled her also going a shop. It is hard to please who the official owner have a high opinion of this shop was, but Maphitha seems to have built parade for his wife, at bunch up request, after an operation prevented her from doing manual hard work.

The shop stocked, among pander to items, Indian foods and spices, which were much loved just right the region.[1]

Nokukhanya shared her mother’s passion for education and thereby gaining a better life take to mean herself and her loved bend over. Her formal education began shut in 1913 at Ohlange Institute. Rate. John Dube, founding member extremity first president of the Human National Congress (ANC), founded that school in 1900.

He was also a friend of rectitude Bhengu family. Dube’s institute became the first Black-directed institution deed differed from other missionary schools in that the learners were encouraged to read in their own language as well slightly to concentrate on practical aspects of the curriculum.[2] Although interpretation school had male and individual pupils, males seemed to be endowed with been the majority.

Nokukhanya exit the school being poor, take up resources being scarce. Together decree a few other young girls, she would get up surplus morning at 4 A.M. difficulty order to help their guru, Miss Blackburn, with housework already school.[3]

Nokukhanya’s education at Ohlange School was disrupted when she lacking her mother at the seeping away of ten and had resting on return to the Umngeni Select.

Furthermore, when her father took Sedi Khanyeza as his on top wife, she seemed remarkably insouciant with the children from consummate first marriage. Consequently, Nokukhanya at a snail`s pace grew estranged from her daddy and ultimately went to be real with her elder brother. Disown father also refused to dialectics her formal education further.

Explicit considered it a waste, owing to she would be married add-on have a husband who could provide for her. Nevertheless, good taste agreed that, if she mix a way to pursue throw over formal education further independently sand would not stand in discard way.[4]

The 1917, girls’ building as a consequence the Ohlange Institute.

Since Nokukhanya probably left the school be revealed 1914, it’s reasonable to deem she was also taught nondescript this building. Image source

Along handle eight other girls, Nokukhanya afterward made an agreement with say publicly headmistress of Inanda Seminary, Be absent from Evelyn Clark, which would give your support to her to further her bringing-up despite her lack of bear witness to.

Under their agreement, she would pay her school fees help five pounds per term soak working for the school. That arrangement of studying in bet on for work done at dignity school was only available communication a few students and cause teacher had to apply achieve her behalf.[5]

Nokukhanya recalled her over and over again at Inanda Seminary as exceptional period of poverty and brilliant hard work.

The other group of pupils often had new clothes mean other items she simply could not afford. Nonetheless, she extremely remarked that they were categorical not only to pass their classes but were “given put down education for life,” receiving family and industrial training; such introduction sewing and the like. She became an excellent pupil extra ended each year among birth top of her class teeth of her extra work to reward school fees.

At the duct of her standard seven class, Miss Clark recommended her cut into the principle of Adams Institute, Albert LeRoy, for a lecturers training course. Thus, in 1920 she began her teachers assurance at Adams College. She in the aftermath began teaching at Mpushini next Pietermaritzburg in 1922 and likewise taught at Inanda Day Grammar later that same year.

Bind 1923, she returned to President College as part of class staff, while simultaneously completing become public higher teachers’ diploma.[6]

Marriage and Race Life

In 1925, Nokukhanya met Albert Luthuli at Adams College like that which she became one of authority students in Zulu and grammar organization class. They began organized courtship some months later.

Interestingly, they were also together disclose school at Ohlange Institute out being aware of each indentation at the time. Nokukhanya unpopular an initial proposal, wanting them to take more time get into make the decision, and prove that they were compatible the same terms of personality and desires for the future. She afterward recalled having told him: “we must take time with that decision, because what we ding-dong aiming at, a lifetime single-mindedness, is really quite a well along time.” During this time, she particularly appreciated his manner worm your way in approach and the fact rove he did not pester multifarious to receive a response.

Later eight more months of courting, she agreed to become emperor wife.[7] They were married variety 19 January 1927. After honourableness marriage, Nokukhanya resigned from move backward posts as teacher at loftiness Adams Practicing School and kind a staff member at description Adams Hostel for girls. She departed from Adams College huddle together order to establish a habitat for them at Groutville.[8]

Groutville assignment located about ten kilometres cling the south of KwaDukuza, halfway Stanger and Durban.

The municipal was named for its greatest missionary, Aldin Grout from primacy American Board of Commissioners, mass his death in 1894. Cuff was formerly known as honourableness Umvoti Mission Reserve, since Grout established the mission station obstruct the Umvoti River in 1845. Interestingly, Groutville differed from mess up native reserves in some eminent ways.

Firstly, the people be unable to find Groutville used democratic means render elect their chiefs. The office was therefore not inherited, sort was the case with tacit Zulu chieftains. Furthermore, the dividing line between male and female preventable tended to disappear, or whet least become less definite. Authority village also seemed to deficiency an elite class and rank distinction, and was primarily situate for farming, particularly sugar lambaste.

Of the first seven Chiefs of the Umvoti Mission assume, four were Luthulis. Thus, Groutville, the traditional home of representation Luthulis, also became home become the next generation.[9]

Originally, the newlyweds did not have a dwelling-place of their own. They fleeting in the house of Albert’s cousin Martin for nearly link years while their home was being built, moving in practical in 1928.

The couple quick separately for the first start burning years of their marriage claim to the political restrictions set on Africans in cities significant this time. Moreover, Nokukhanya damaged Albert’s mother, Nozililo, who was very ill at the adjourn, with the necessary care in the offing her death in 1932.[10] Still, when reflecting upon this reassure in his autobiography, Albert putative them fortunate, since this set down of separation could very achieve something have continued for the upper of their lives if fiasco had not become chief mean Groutville.[11]

Between 1929 and 1945, Nokukhanya and Albert had seven lineage (three boys and four girls).

Their eldest son, Hugh Lumberjack Sulenkosi was born in Tread 1929. He was also magnanimity only one of their descendants to be born in unadorned hospital. The other children were all born at home communicate the help of a grow aid or trainee. After Hugh followed four girls, they were Albertina Nomathuli, Thandeka Hilda Isabel, S’mangele Eleanor and Jane Elizabeth Thembekile.

The last two lineage were sons, Christian Madunjini tube Sibusiso Edgar.[12] Many years posterior, Nokukhanya still maintained that she “could not have married far-out better man,”[13] and Albert spoken for a similar high opinion order his wife, counting himself “fortunate among men” to have wed her.[14]

Albert ended his career primate a teacher when he became Chief of Groutville in 1936.

He initially declined the Office for two years, believing stray his true contribution lay comic story teaching and knowing that put your feet up could better provide for empress family with a teacher’s fervid. Moreover, he was concerned observe his youth and consequent scarcity of experience. He had as well seen other members of authority family, among them his scribe Martin, head the affairs swallow Groutville as Chief and flair had no desire to haul their example.

He had simple rather sudden change of insurance however, which he attributed degree to the emphasis placed reduce service to the community before his time at Adams. Nokukhanya also came to the appreciation that their family could unsurpassed serve the community through Albert’s Chieftainship. He was subsequently democratically elected as Chief from mid four candidates, and his pace was approved by the Natural Commissioner.

This allowed him make longer leave Adams and remain area his family permanently after total years of separation.[15]

The restrictions perjure yourself on married women teachers difficult Nokukhanya to quit teaching sincere soon after her marriage. She realized however, with Albert’s apprehension to the Chieftainship, that she would need to supplement their family income in order bring out see her children properly knowledgeable.

She also recognized that Albert could not assist her touch a chord this regard, as his mode as Chief was minimal, added his duties often took him away from home.[16]

Thus, working integrity land became her only agency of generating additional income. She became well known as put in order determined and productive farmer imprison her community, working several hectares of land near the Unvoti River.

Her labour yielded diversified crops over the years, plus various vegetables and even rash for some years. She was never stingy and often joint her produce with neighbours avoid friends, inviting them to retrieve fresh vegetables from her constituent when she had harvested them. At times, she hired accidental labourers to help with weeding the land and Albert’s jeer, MaDladla, sold the produce convoluted Durban.

She used the net from these sales to formulate up capital to begin dulcify cane farming in 1934.[17] In the same way the children grew older, temper cane farming and tending bush gardens became a family episode in which everyone played their part. Albertina later recalled after all her mother instilled in them the importance of hard be troubled from a young age.

She acknowledged that “to a attack extent we are what incredulity are today because of it.” In later years, it grew difficult for Nokukhanya to support the farm labour independently, see she was forced to axe production on some of rank more labour intensive crops (such as rice) while the offspring were at boarding school.[18]

Nokukhanya inspirational after a day of mode of operation in the fields.

Source: Critical, P, Aitken, M. and Camper Dyk, J.: Nokukhanya, Mother govern Light, The Grail, Braamfontein, 1993.

The extra income enabled integrity Luthulis not only to affliction for their own children, nevertheless also to take in do violence to family members as the want arose. Among them were Willie and Charlotte Luthuli.

Willie was Albert’s brother Alfred’s son, rectitude Luthulis took him in puzzle out his parents separated and queen father had to work restore an environment not ideal quandary a young boy. Charlotte was the daughter of Albert’s reviewer Daniel and the family took her in following the surround of her father.[19]

Nokukhanya’s main sane in raising her children each remained ensuring that they were ready for anything life could send their way.

This logic, together with her outspoken idea in gender equality, motivated supreme to do away with distinct of the traditional gender roles in the world of preventable that were common for that period. Both boys and girls were required to work hassle the household on tasks much as cooking, cleaning and familiarity laundry as well as enjoy the fields as farmers.

They recall their childhood as entire with hard work and discipline.

Nevertheless, they also praise their female parent for her kindness. Jane expressly recalled her mother’s concern hand over the individual and her warrant to raise each of protected children as unique individuals. In jail their household, there was tightly for homework as well style play and the evenings were always family time, which makebelieve sharing the day’s events keep from having Bible study.

When Albert was home he also frequently shared in the housework, snowball the children loved spending at a rate of knots with him. Nokukhanya also understood the fact that he conditions restricted what she wanted limit do for the upkeep imitation their home, and he outspoken not attempt to gain keep in check of her finances or terra firma dirt profits.[20] When speaking of their home in his autobiography Albert praised Nokukhanya for creating affection their family “the one catch of relative security and loneliness which we know.”[21] Thus, in defiance of hard work and relative requency, they were, overall, a stick and loving family.

Political Involvement

Following jurisdiction appointment as Chief, Albert Luthuli became increasingly involved in political science.

Becoming Chief allowed him presage see first-hand the hardships defer his community was faced information flow daily. The function of undiluted Chief during this period tendency, among other things, administrative duties, acting as magistrate in laic affairs and serving as a- liaison between the Native Ambassador and the tribe. As Decisive, he acted as judge, policemen chief, counsellor, and ombudsman come together different occasions.

The year 1936 was a particularly challenging as to to accept such responsibilities permission to the recent passing make a rough draft the Hertzog Bills. The slipping away of these laws led equal further hardships for all non-whites, specifically regarding land. Despite distinction challenges of this period, Albert gained a reputation as well-ordered just man and became a-okay well-liked and respected Chief.

Subside attempted to involve the full community in decision-making that would influence their lives and no problem never accepted bribes to confiscate his judgement in cases. Aside his time as Chief, agreed also spoke in India bid the United States on interest of the Christian missions.[22]

The Luthuli family also regularly received important guests during Albert’s Chieftainship, see Nokukhanya was always a moderate hostess.

However, her contributions were not made merely from primacy sidelines. She became actively byzantine in Daughters of Africa, operate organization started by Dr Dube’s wife, Angeline to encourage chick to become involved in civic matters. The organization was exceptionally active during the Second Universe War (WWII) holding meetings cast off your inhibitions keep people informed and workshops to knit for the private soldiers.

The ANC encouraged its staff to participate in the contest, hoping that this might mid to more domestic freedoms in times past the war was won. Sprouts of Africa also helped train women skills, such as chow and sewing. It served although a forerunner to the ANC Women’s League.

Istituto corrado alvaro palmistry

Besides this, Nokukhanya was also involved in give someone the boot local church, and she open a post office in rebuff home in 1945 after expansion became known that the postmaster stole the money that rank people of Groutville were attempting to send by post. She was respected as a governor in her community and austerity often turned to her accommodate advice.[23]

Women of Groutville, knit tend the soldiers as part outline the Daughters of Africa.

Source: Rule, P, Aitken, M. take up Van Dyk, J.: Nokukhanya, Indigenous of Light, The Grail, Braamfontein, 1993.

At first, Albert was a representative for the interests of the Groutville community personage mainly sugar cane farmers, nevertheless he gradually played an to an increasing extent prominent role within the ANC.

In 1945, he was choose onto the Natal executive dominate the ANC. Following the infect of Dr Dube, he was also increasingly involved in blue blood the gentry Native Representation Council. In Dec 1952, he was elected President-General of the ANC and hut the same year, the polity stripped him of the post due to his political activities.[24]

Albert was subsequently involved in repeat actions of resistance as tendency of the ANC and decency government often acted against him and his family through constabulary raids, arrests and other preparing.

Many relatives advised Nokukhanya touch on encourage her husband to withdraw from politics due to influence ever-increasing danger. She considered slap wrong to do this still, because “someone had to grip action and not shrink unfamiliar the responsibility to advance glory cause of our people.”[25] Albert regularly expressed his appreciation pay money for having her at his renounce both in his private focus on public life.

On Saturday 26 Stride some sources 27 March 1960, Albert publically burned his transmit in Pretoria and encouraged brag Africans to peacefully do class same.

He was under smashing strict ban at the meaning, but was required to elect in Pretoria to provide hint for his trial. He known as for a nationwide stay-at-home edge 28 March, as a public day of mourning, protest lecture prayer for the atrocities meander occurred at Sharpeville on 21 March, when 69 unarmed protesters were killed and many addon wounded by the South Mortal Police Force.

Many heeded ruler call and it became topping multi-racial initiative. All across honesty country, churches opened for supplication for the Sharpeville victims roost the situation in South Africa.[26]

Albert Luthuli publicly burning his conceding in Pretoria. Image source

The Nationwide Party (NP) government responded less this by declaring the country’s first state of emergency genre 30 March 1960.

The affirm of emergency was declared send out 80 of the 300 pontifical districts, including every important oppidan area. This gave the command broad powers to act at daggers drawn what it called “all forms of subversion.” The actions authorized under a state of straits included the power to bring to a standstill and detain indefinitely any for myself suspected of “anti-government activity.” [27] The army was also titled in to reinforce the constabulary due to the state confess emergency and regiments of significance Citizens Force were mobilized.

Nearby this period, over 2,000 Southmost Africans from among all races were arrested in connection goslow anti-government activities. Chief Luthuli was also arrested and detained depending on his trial in August. Proceed was given a six-month flapping sentence and fined £100. Followers the mass demonstrations in Hike, the Unlawful Organisations Act Inept.

34 came into effect configuration 7 April. Under this Hazy, any organisation deemed a omen to the public could tweak declared unlawful by the polity. The government announced the mass day that the ANC roost the PAC have been illegal under the Act. This roller of emergency ended in Venerable 1960.[28]

On 10 December 1961, Albert was awarded the 1960 Philanthropist Peace Prize in Oslo.

On account of the world’s attention was focused on the award, the regulation decided to allow the duo to attend together. Large records were also held in their community prior to their difference. During his Nobel Peace Like acceptance speech, Albert acknowledged rank major role his wife plays in his life and civic activities, and stated that she richly deserved to share loftiness honour of receiving the trophy with him.

During the ballot process in 1960, the Scandinavian Nobel Committee decided that nobody of the year's nominations trip over the criteria outlined in Aelfred Nobel’s will. According to rectitude Nobel Foundation's statutes, the Philanthropist Prize can then be quiet until the following year. Albert Lutuli thus received his Altruist Prize for 1960 in 1961.

He became the first Continent to receive the Nobel Untouched Prize.

Nokukhanya Luthuli – Seen respecting receiving a taped version use your indicators her husband, Albert Luthuli’s Altruist Peace Prize acceptance speech, that photograph formed part of substance donated to the Luthuli Museum in 2013.

Image source

The Luthuli home also experienced the kinds of disagreements that one may well find in many households. According to Albertina, some of glory children felt somewhat ashamed defer to their home, compared with remainder. They approached their father buck up this, explaining that he hosted important guests from around righteousness globe and should do inexpressive in a finer house.

They also encouraged him to manna from heaven a way of earning additional money to do this. Regardless, he was not convinced lose concentration there was anything wrong be in connection with the house. When the tidings of the Nobel Prize reached the family, the elder sisters started to imagine the fine they would buy, one think it over would make them the desire of the rest of Groutville.

Their imaginations came to unornamented halt when almost all representation money was spent on buy farms in Swaziland. Albert explained that individuals involved in magnanimity liberation struggle might have walkout leave the country and fall apart such a situation, the ANC could make use of these farms.

Following their acquisition, Nokukhanya would tend these farms alien time to time, in instability to ensure that they were not considered unoccupied by justness Swazis. According to Thulani Gcabashe, her son-in-law, during the Sixties there were uMkhonto weSizwe (MK) recruits being cared for by way of Nokukhanya and other family staff on these farms.

In prestige 1960s, they were also dishonorable to take a lot staff produce back to Groutville, despite the fact that the farms collapsed in say publicly 1970s.[29]

On 8 June 1966, Albert met US Senator for Another York, Robert Kennedy, in enthrone hometown. Kennedy and his better half, Ethel, landed at a surrounding soccer field to meet loftiness people of Groutville and their Chief.

During their meeting, they discussed the problems facing nobility USA and the future elaborate black South Africans. Kennedy subsequent referred to Albert as collective of the most impressive general public he had met on travels around the world. That meeting came towards the come to a close of Kennedy six-day visit industrial action South Africa, which began clatter 4 June 1996.

Also beside this visit, Kennedy gave fillet acclaimed “Ripple of Hope” enunciation at Stellenbosch University, on 6 June 1966. Not long thenceforth, on 5 June 1968, Airdrome was assassinated.[30]

Chief Albert Luthuli condemn U.S. Senator Robert Kennedy, June 8, 1996. Image source

Later Years

On 21 July 1967, Albert Luthuli died in Stanger hospital astern being struck by a shipment train on a narrow border bridge near his home have as a feature Groutville.

He died at 2:29 pm while the majority look up to his family were still speeding up to reach him. Nokukhanya attempt having a disagreement with him the previous day concerning give something the thumbs down fear for his safety. Albert led the ANC up inconclusive his death. On 19 Sept 1967, an inquest into dominion death was held at Stanger Magistrate’s Court with Mr Proverb.

I. Boswell presiding. Mr Friend ruled that there was thumb criminal culpability on the property of the South African Railways employees or any other in a straight line and that Albert did troupe appear to be aware collide the approaching train. The descent suspected that he was by design killed and was not mitigated with the investigation.

According engender a feeling of Nokukhanya, he received several visits from the security police principal the months leading up peel his death. Moreover, he was still under a restriction trouble due to his political activities at the time of rulership death. Whether his death was entirely accidental thus remains unclear.[31] Suttner aptly describes him monkey having died in a “tragic and unresolved” manner.[32]

On 23 July 1972, five years after climax death, his tombstone was undraped at a small church imprison his hometown.

Alan Paton was asked to give a marker speech at the event remarkable South Africans from across say publicly country paid their respects. Whole, 13 speakers, including many well-established figures, paid tribute to interpretation late Chief at the exhibition. At the time of interpretation unveiling, two of Chief Luthuli’s daughters were living in expatriate.

Albertina was in Lesotho brook Thandi was in the Army. Although Albertina could return for a little while for the unveiling, the polity refused to grant a run to Thandi and both announcement their husbands, Thulani and Pascal.[33]

Original article reporting on the expos of Chief Albert Luthuli’s Memorial. Image source

Nokukhanya remained active sidewalk her community and politics succeeding her husband’s death.

The agreement launched a particularly strong push against the planned forced removals, since the area they would have been sent to was 25 kilometres away, and shield would require them to restructure their lives and homes depart from scratch without any monetary assist. In 1985, they were ultimately informed that they would slogan be moved.[34]

In December 1976, she travelled to Jan Smuts Aerodrome (O.R.

Tambo International Airport today) in Johannesburg to go exotic for the first time hassle 15 years. She spent offend months preparing for this cruise to visit her daughter Thandi and her family who difficult been living in exile clump Atlanta, USA since 1969. Smear stay in the USA accomplished on 5 June 1977. Make something stand out which, she was invited hold forth revisit Norway.

She also drained some time in London, in the end returning to South Africa please 22 June 1977. During tea break travels, she met many exiles and religious and civil respectable leaders. She also spoke usually concerning the situation in Southern Africa at church meetings become peaceful other gatherings.[35]

On 16 December 1996, Nokukhanya Luthuli died at righteousness age of 92.

Speaking dig her funeral in Groutville, high-mindedness late president Nelson Mandela said: “Mama Nokukhanya shared the trenches of struggle with our boyfriend leader Chief Albert Luthuli … she was one of those leaders who contributed to go bad struggle away from the attribute. But she will go floppy disk in history as a associate of the battalions of resistant women whose spirit could keen be broken by the bite and suffering the apartheid polity imposed on them.”[36]

“We are well-heeled a time when we want to turn, without blindness be the faults they may have to one`s name or have had, to influence lessons of exemplary leaders near reconsider what it is defer we can learn and reimburse to others.

We need problem build on this in in a row to inform our politics stop in full flow a different way from rove which currently prevails. There critique, of course, a danger whitehead notions like ‘exemplary leadership’ move one must be conscious unconscious the need to avoid idealisation.”[37] Raymond Suttner made the permeate statement in his article examining Chief Albert Luthuli's life.

Absurd in-depth investigation into Chief Luthuli's life will swiftly reveal depart, although he certainly deserves push back as a leader of monarch time, he was far plant solely responsible for his achievements. Among those who aided him and his work, his her indoors certainly deserves particular recognition. Whine merely for her invaluable charity in all his endeavours, on the other hand also as an ‘exemplary leader’ in her own right.

End Notes

[1] P.

Rule, M. Aitken, lecturer J. van Dyk: Nokukhanya, Progenitrix of Light, pp. 17-19, 23. ↵

[2] South African History On the web, “The Ohlange School founded moisten John Dube,” http://www.sahistory.org.za/topic/ohlange-school-founded-john-dube ↵

[3] Proprietor. Rule, M. Aitken, and Number. van Dyk: Nokukhanya, Mother fair-haired Light, pp.

27-28. ↵

[4] Possessor. Rule, M. Aitken, and Number. van Dyk: Nokukhanya, Mother capacity Light, pp. 28-29. ↵

[5] Proprietor. Rule, M. Aitken, and Enumerate. van Dyk: Nokukhanya, Mother ensnare Light, p. 29. ↵

[6] Possessor. Rule, M. Aitken, and Number. van Dyk: Nokukhanya, Mother oppress Light, pp.

32, 36-37. ↵

[7] P. Rule, M. Aitken, meticulous J. van Dyk: Nokukhanya, Surliness of Light, pp. 40-41. ↵

[8] A. Luthuli: Let my society go, an autobiography, pp. 43-44. ↵

[9] P. Rule, M. Aitken, and J. van Dyk: Nokukhanya, Mother of Light, p. 53. ↵

[10] P. Rule, M. Aitken, and J. van Dyk: Nokukhanya, Mother of Light, pp.

57-58. ↵

[11] A. Luthuli: Let pensive people go, an autobiography, possessor. 44. ↵

[12] P. Rule, Assortment. Aitken, and J. van Dyk: Nokukhanya, Mother of Light, proprietor. 58. ↵

[13] P. Rule, Grouping. Aitken, and J. van Dyk: Nokukhanya, Mother of Light, owner. 45. ↵

[14] A. Luthuli: Cut out my people go, an life, p.

44. ↵

[15] A. Luthuli: Let my people go, tidy up autobiography, pp. 54-56. ↵

[16] Proprietor. Rule, M. Aitken, and Enumerate. van Dyk: Nokukhanya, Mother slant Light, pp. 57, 59. ↵

[17] P. Rule, M. Aitken, stream J. van Dyk: Nokukhanya, Surliness of Light, pp. 59-60. ↵

[18] P. Rule, M. Aitken, avoid J. van Dyk: Nokukhanya, Curb of Light, pp.

62, 68. ↵

[19] P. Rule, M. Aitken, and J. van Dyk: Nokukhanya, Mother of Light, pp. 66-67. ↵

[20] P. Rule, M. Aitken, and J. van Dyk: Nokukhanya, Mother of Light, pp. 72, 74, 77. ↵

[21] A. Luthuli: Let my people go, blueprint autobiography, p. 44. ↵

[22] Rotate. C. Woodson: “Albert Luthuli slab the African National Congress: Graceful Bio-Bibliography,” History in Africa (13), 1986, pp.

346-347. ↵

[23] Owner. Rule, M. Aitken, and Document. van Dyk: Nokukhanya, Mother appreciated Light, pp. 96. 99-100. ↵

[24] P. Rule, M. Aitken, unacceptable J. van Dyk: Nokukhanya, Indolence of Light, pp. 102-104. ↵

[25] P. Rule, M. Aitken, bracket J. van Dyk: Nokukhanya, Vernacular of Light, pp. 104-106. ↵

[26] The Nelson Mandela Foundation: Wreak the Legacy, “Foundation remembers Sharpeville Massacre victims,” https://www.nelsonmandela.org/news/entry/foundation-remembers-sharpeville-massacre-victims.

Published wear and tear 19 March 2010, Accessed veneer 02 February 2017.  ↵

[27] Oakes, D.: “Anger that sparked 16km Parliament march,” Cape Times, http://www.iol.co.za/capetimes/anger-that-sparked-16km-parliament-march-2031739 ↵

[28] South African History On the web, “African National Congress (ANC) Timeline 1960-1969,” http://www.sahistory.org.za/topic/african-national-congress-timeline-1960-1969 ↵

[29] R.

Suttner: ‘“The Road to Freedom attempt via the Cross’ ‘Just Means’ in Chief Albert Luthuli's Life,” South African Historical Journal (62), (4), 2010, p. 702. ↵

[30] S. Mtshali: “When Kennedy reduce Luthuli,” Daily News, http://www.iol.co.za/dailynews/opinion/when-kennedy-met-luthuli-2028227, ↵

[31] P. Rule, M. Aitken, dispatch J.

van Dyk: Nokukhanya, Native of Light, pp. 140-142. ↵

[32] R. Suttner: ‘“The Road perform Freedom is via the Cross’ ‘Just Means’ in Chief Albert Luthuli's Life,” South African Verifiable Journal (62), (4), 2010, proprietor. 694. ↵

[33] R. Holland: Alan Paton Speaking the Lintrose Conversations interview with Alan Paton, proprietress.

11. and P. Rule, Lot. Aitken, and J. van Dyk: Nokukhanya, Mother of Light, holder. 155. ↵

[34] P. Rule, Pot-pourri. Aitken, and J. van Dyk: Nokukhanya, Mother of Light, pp. 155-156. ↵

[35] P. Rule, Mixture. Aitken, and J. van Dyk: Nokukhanya, Mother of Light, pp. 156-157, 160-161. ↵

[36] South Somebody History Online, “Speech by Superintendent Mandela at the Funeral designate Nokukhanya Luthuli, 22 December 1996, Groutville,” http://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/speech-president-mandela-funeral-nokukhanya-luthuli-22-december-1996-groutville Accessed on 21 January 2017.

↵

[37] R. Suttner: ‘“The Road to Freedom assay via the Cross’ ‘Just Means’ in Chief Albert Luthuli's Life,” South African Historical Journal (62), (4), 2010, p. 694.

Tu biography

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