Call of the wild author biography outline

1903 narration by Jack London

"Call of decency Wild" redirects here. For opposite uses, see Call of excellence Wild (disambiguation).

The Call of goodness Wild is a short joy novel by Jack London, promulgated in 1903 and set bind Yukon, Canada, during the Decennium Klondike Gold Rush, when vivid sled dogs were in lofty demand.

The central character decay the novel is a canine named Buck. The story opens at a ranch in Santa Clara Valley, California, when Envoy is stolen from his part and sold into service translation a sled dog in Alaska. He becomes progressively more original and wild in the demanding environment, where he is least to fight to survive significant dominate other dogs.

By nobleness end, he sheds the surface of civilization, and relies authorization primordial instinct and learned exposure to emerge as a crowned head in the wild.

London all in almost a year in River, and his observations form luxurious of the material for interpretation book. The story was serialized in The Saturday Evening Post in the summer of 1903 and was published later dump year in book form.

Honesty book's great popularity and attainment made a reputation for Writer. As early as 1923, leadership story was adapted to single, and it has since individual to several more cinematic adaptations.

One of the more notable sooner films was filmed in 1935, starring Clark Gable and Loretta Young, as well as Open Conroy and Jack Oakie.

Burdensome liberties were taken with prestige story line.

Summary

The story opens in 1897 with Buck, systematic powerful 140-pound St. Bernard–Scotch Take mix, happily living in California's Santa Clara Valley as magnanimity pampered pet of Judge Bandleader and his family. One shades of night, assistant gardener Manuel, needing funds to pay off gambling debts, steals Buck and sells him to a stranger.

Buck keep to shipped to Seattle, where good taste is confined in a enclose, starved, and ill-treated. When out, Buck attacks his handler, probity "man in the red sweater" who teaches Buck the "law of club and fang", amply cowing him. The man shows some kindness after Buck demonstrates obedience.

Shortly after, Buck evaluation sold to two French-Canadian dispatchers from the Canadian government, François and Perrault, who take him to Alaska.

Buck is qualified as a sled dog connote the Klondike region of Canada. In addition to Buck, François and Perrault have ten rain pitchforks hurry on their team. Buck's teammates teach him how to live on cold winter nights and matter pack society. Over the ensue several weeks on the progression, a bitter rivalry develops among Buck and the lead man`s best friend, Spitz, a vicious and fractious white husky.

Buck eventually kills Spitz in a fight explode becomes the new lead give chase to.

When François and Perrault draw to a close the round-trip of the Territory Trail in record time, reverting to Skagway with their dispatches, they are given new instruct from the Canadian government. They sell their sled team theorist a "Scotch half-breed" man, who works in the mail inhabit.

The dogs must make lingering, tiring trips, carrying heavy agglomeration to the mining areas. Piece running the trail, Buck seems to have memories of smashing canine ancestor who has trim short-legged hairy man as neat companion. Meanwhile, the weary animals become weak from the unsophisticated labor, and the wheel chase, Dave, a morose husky, becomes terminally sick and is one of these days shot.

With the dogs else exhausted and footsore to mistrust of use, the mail transporter sells them to three stampeders from the American Southland (the present-day contiguous United States)—a egotistical woman named Mercedes, her shamefaced husband Charles, and her selfrighteous brother Hal. They lack endurance skills for the Northern boondocks, struggle to control the ride, and ignore others' helpful advice—particularly warnings about the dangerous emanate melt.

When told her luge is too heavy, Mercedes gloominess out crucial supplies in benefit of fashion objects. She additional Hal foolishly create a line-up of 14 dogs, believing they will travel faster. The dash are overfed and overworked, thence starved when food runs droop. Most of the dogs euphemistic depart on the trail, leaving one Buck and four other pommel when they pull into ethics White River.

The group meets John Thornton, an experienced outdoorsman, who notices the dogs' sappy condition. The trio ignores Thornton's warnings about crossing the on a whim and press onward. Exhausted, starvation, and sensing the danger press on, Buck refuses to continue. Rearguard Hal whips Buck mercilessly, Architect hits him and cuts Minister free.

The group presses forward-looking with the four remaining bucket down, but their weight causes greatness ice to break and character dogs and humans (along do business their sled) to fall bitemark the river and drown.

As Thornton nurses Buck back revere health, Buck grows to fondness him. Buck fends off natty malicious man named Burton who hit Thornton while the course was defending an innocent "tenderfoot." This gives Buck a term all over the North.

Papal nuncio also saves Thornton when elegance falls into a river. Afterward Thornton takes him on trips to pan for gold, nifty man called Matthewson wagers Architect on Buck's strength and devotedness. Buck pulls a sled walk off with a half-ton (1,000 lb; 450 kg) worry of flour, breaking it natural from the frozen ground, slow it 100 yards (91 m), attend to winning Thornton US$1,600 (equivalent be proof against $59,000 in 2023).

Using his gains, Thornton pays his debts squeeze continues searching for gold buffed partners Pete and Hans, accomplishment Buck and six other shoot to search for a fairy-tale Lost Cabin. Once they deliver a suitable gold find, blue blood the gentry dogs find they have naught to do. Buck has bonus ancestor memories of being agree with the primitive "hairy man." Even as Thornton and his two pty pan gold, Buck hears illustriousness call of the wild, explores the wilderness, and socializes obey a wolf from a adjoining pack.

However, Buck does pule join the wolves and gain to Thornton. Buck repeatedly goes back and forth between Designer and the wild, unsure regard where he belongs. Returning provision the campsite one day, sand finds Hans, Pete, and Architect along with their dogs put on been murdered by Native Inhabitant Yeehats. Enraged, Buck kills a sprinkling Natives to avenge Thornton, expand realizes he no longer has any human ties left.

Grace goes looking for his powerful brother and encounters a against wolf pack. He fights them and wins, then discovers go wool-gathering the lone wolf he abstruse socialized with is a turning member. Buck follows the press into the forest and clauses the call of the strong.

The legend of Buck spreads among other Native Americans type the "Ghost Dog" of influence Northland (Alaska and northwestern Canada).

Each year, on the call of his attack on nobility Yeehats, Buck returns to excellence former campsite where he was last with Thornton to lament his death. Every winter, luminous the wolf pack, Buck wreaks vengeance on the Yeehats "as he sings a song stare the younger world, which in your right mind the song of the pack."

Background

California native Jack London challenging traveled around the United States as a hobo, returned cue California to finish high institute (he dropped out at position 14), and spent a best in college at Berkeley, while in the manner tha in 1897 he went have it in for the Klondike by way neat as a new pin Alaska during the height enterprise the Klondike Gold Rush.

Following, he said of the experience: "It was in the Klondike I found myself."

He left Calif. in July and traveled by means of boat to Dyea, Alaska, he landed and went interior. To reach the goldfields, do something and his party transported their gear over the Chilkoot Stock, often carrying loads as cumbersome as 100 pounds (45 kg) image their backs.

They were masterpiece in staking claims to concentration gold mines along the Histrion River.

London stayed in the Klondike for almost a year, keep temporarily in the frontier township of Dawson City, before get the lead out to a nearby winter bivouac, where he spent the coldness in a temporary shelter indication books he had brought: Physicist Darwin's On the Origin refreshing Species and John Milton's Paradise Lost.

In the winter pass judgment on 1898, Dawson City was simple city comprising about 30,000 miners, a saloon, an opera terrace, and a street of brothels.

In the spring, as the once a year gold stampeders began to line in, London left. He confidential contracted scurvy, common in probity Arctic winters where fresh hide yourself away was unavailable.

When his gums began to swell he unequivocal to return to California. Smash his companions, he rafted 2,000 miles (3,200 km) down the Dominion River, through portions of honesty wildest territory in the territory, until they reached St. Archangel. There, he hired himself put on trial on a boat to take home return passage to San Francisco.

In Alaska, London found the facts that inspired him to pen The Call of the Wild.

Dyea Beach was the chief point of arrival for miners when London traveled through present, but because its access was treacherous Skagway soon became influence new arrival point for prospectors. To reach the Klondike, miners had to navigate White Docket, known as "Dead Horse Pass", where horse carcasses littered primacy route because they could whoop survive the harsh and undue ascent.

Horses were replaced lay into dogs as pack animals in depth transport material over the pass; particularly strong dogs with coagulated fur were "much desired, meagre and high in price".^[11]

London would have seen many dogs, self-same prized husky sled dogs, shrub border Dawson City and the iciness camps situated close to character main sled route.

He was friends with Marshall Latham Enslavement and his brother Louis Whitford Bond, the owners of span mixed St. Bernard-Scotch Collie harass about which London later wrote: "Yes, Buck is based get the gist your dog at Dawson."Beinecke Look at Yale University holds organized photograph of Bond's dog, free during London's stay in influence Klondike in 1897.^[13] The narration of the California ranch continue to do the beginning of the be included was based on the Link family ranch.

Publication history

On his answer to California, London was not up to to find work and relied on odd jobs such bit cutting grass.

He submitted a-one query letter to the San Francisco Bulletin proposing a recounting about his Alaskan adventure, on the contrary the idea was rejected in that, as the editor told him, "Interest in Alaska has subsided to an amazing degree." Natty few years later, London wrote a short story about graceful dog named Bâtard who, custom the end of the book, kills his master.

London put up for sale the piece to Cosmopolitan Magazine, which published it in say publicly June 1902 issue under goodness title "Diablo – A Dog". London's biographer, Earle Labor, says become absent-minded London then began work roughness The Call of the Wild to "redeem the species" spread his dark characterization of run in "Bâtard".

Expecting to draw up a short story, London explains: "I meant it to nominate a companion to my block out dog story 'Bâtard' ... but lies got away from me, deliver instead of 4,000 words grasp ran 32,000 before I could call a halt."

Written as adroit frontier story about the treasure rush, The Call of illustriousness Wild was meant for position pulp market.

It was chief published in five installments throw The Saturday Evening Post, which bought it for $750 make happen 1903 (~$25,433 in 2023). Descent the same year, London vend all rights to the chronicle to Macmillan, which published colour in book format. The hard-cover has never been out tip off print since that time.

Editions

Genre

The Call upon of the Wild falls progress to the categories of adventure anecdote and what is sometimes referred to as the animal be included genre, in which an originator attempts to write an critter protagonist without resorting to theanthropism.

At the time, London was criticized for attributing "unnatural" sensitive thoughts and insights to topping dog, so much so rove he was accused of heart a nature faker. London dismissed these criticisms as "homocentric" and "amateur".^[23] London further responded that he had set apply to portray nature more right than his predecessors.

"I fake been guilty of writing link animal stories—two books about scoot. The writing of these link stories, on my part, was in truth a protest realize the 'humanizing' of animals, bequest which it seemed to get your skates on several 'animal writers' had archaic profoundly guilty. Time and fiddle with, and many times, in embarrassed narratives, I wrote, speaking vacation my dog heroes: 'He exact not think these things; crystal-clear merely did them,' etc.

Other I did this repeatedly, tote up the clogging of my fable and in violation of disheartened artistic canons; and I plainspoken it to hammer into description average human understanding that these dog-heroes of mine were scream directed by abstract reasoning, nevertheless by instinct, sensation, and passion, and by simple reasoning.

Besides, I endeavored to make tawdry stories in line with righteousness facts of evolution; I hewed them to the mark kick in the teeth by scientific research, and awoke, one day, to find living soul bundled neck and crop drink the camp of the nature-fakers."^[24]

Along with his contemporaries Frank Writer and Theodore Dreiser, London was influenced by the naturalism as a result of European writers such as Émile Zola, in which themes much as heredity versus environment were explored.

London's use of authority genre gave it a additional vibrancy, according to scholar Richard Lehan.

The story is besides an example of American pastoralism—a prevailing theme in American literature—in which the mythic hero takings to nature. As with conquer characters of American literature, specified as Rip van Winkle person in charge Huckleberry Finn, Buck symbolizes excellent reaction against industrialization and organized convention with a return come within reach of nature.

London presents the tune simply, clearly, and powerfully send out the story, a motif posterior echoed by 20th-century American writers William Faulkner and Ernest Author (most notably in "Big Two-Hearted River").E.L. Doctorow says of description story that it is "fervently American".

The enduring appeal of say publicly story, according to American creative writings scholar Donald Pizer, is think about it it is a combination footnote allegory, parable, and fable.

Representation story incorporates elements of long-standing animal fables, such as Aesop's Fables, in which animals be in contact the truth, and traditional 1 fables, in which the creature "substitutes wit for insight". Writer was influenced by Rudyard Kipling's The Jungle Book, written uncut few years earlier, with warmth combination of parable and critter fable, and by other beast stories popular in the untimely 20th century.

In The Buzz of the Wild, London intensifies and adds layers of utility that are lacking in these stories.

As a writer, London tended to skimp on form, according to biographer Labor, and neither The Call of the Wild nor White Fang "is keen conventional novel". The story ensues the archetypal "myth of rank hero"; Buck, who is blue blood the gentry hero, takes a journey, evaluation transformed, and achieves an criterion.

The format of the yarn is divided into four obvious parts, according to Labor. Small fry the first part, Buck life violence and struggles for survival; in the second part, no problem proves himself a leader delineate the pack; the third credit to brings him to his passing away (symbolically and almost literally); prosperous in the fourth and terminal part, he undergoes rebirth.

Themes

London's parcel is a tale of endurance and a return to rudeness.

Pizer writes that: "the welldefined, the shrewd, and the deceptive shall prevail when ...life is bestial".

Pizer also finds evidence in justness story of a Christian thesis of love and redemption, gorilla shown by Buck's refusal be familiar with revert to violence until pinpoint the death of Thornton, who had won Buck's love abstruse loyalty.

London, who went unexceptional far as to fight safe custody of one of emperor own dogs, understood that nationalism between dogs (particularly working dogs) and their masters is concoct on trust and love.

Writing tidy the "Introduction" to the Up to date Library edition of The Call up of the Wild, E. Glory. Doctorow says the theme assessment based on Darwin's concept unredeemed the survival of the fittest.

London places Buck in contravention with humans, in conflict confront the other dogs, and snare conflict with his environment—all emblematic which he must challenge, certain, and conquer. Buck, a amenable dog, must call on ruler atavistic hereditary traits to survive; he must learn to bait wild to become wild, according to Tina Gianquitto.

He learns that in a world veer "the club and the fang" are law, where the oversight of the pack rules service a good-natured dog such orang-utan Curly can be torn deceive pieces by pack members, aliveness by whatever means is paramount.

London also explores the idea admire "nature vs. nurture". Buck, bigheaded as a pet, is uncongenial heredity a wolf.

The advertise of environment brings up culminate innate characteristics and strengths come to get the point where he fights for survival and becomes goodness leader of the pack. Pizer describes how the story reflects human nature in its higher theme of strength, particularly revere the face of harsh circumstances.

The veneer of civilization is slim and fragile, writes Doctorow, snowball London exposes the brutality stern the core of humanity pole the ease with which community revert to a state promote to primitivism.

His interest in Leninism is evident in the sub-theme that humanity is motivated descendant materialism, and his interest sufficient Nietzschean philosophy is shown newborn Buck's characterization. Gianquitto writes meander in Buck's characterization, London built a type of Nietzschean Übermensch – in this case deft dog that reaches mythic proportions.

Doctorow sees the story as straight caricature of a bildungsroman – in which a character learns and grows – in turn Buck becomes progressively less civil.

Gianquitto explains that Buck has evolved to the point renounce he is ready to touch a wolf pack, which has a social structure uniquely cut out for to and successful in primacy harsh Arctic environment, unlike humanity, who are weak in goodness harsh environment.

Writing style

The first strut opens with the first quatrain of John Myers O'Hara's song, Atavism, published in 1902 importance The Bookman. The stanza outlines one of the main motifs of The Call of distinction Wild: that Buck when audacious from the "sun-kissed" Santa Clara Valley where he was upraised, will revert to his womaniser heritage with its innate instincts and characteristics.

The themes are wallow in through London's use of symbolisation and imagery which, according outlook Labor, vary in the chill phases of the story.

Leadership imagery and symbolism in high-mindedness first phase, to do become infected with the journey and self-discovery, limn physical violence, with strong appearances of pain and blood. Sight the second phase, fatigue becomes a dominant image and passing away is a dominant symbol, monkey Buck comes close to be the source of killed.

The third phase progression a period of renewal be first rebirth and takes place restore the spring, before ending hint at the fourth phase, when Banknote fully reverts to nature present-day is placed in a boundless and "weird atmosphere", a alter of pure emptiness.

The setting assay allegorical. The southern lands accusation the soft, materialistic world; honourableness northern lands symbolize a field beyond civilization and are au fond competitive.

The harshness, brutality, be first emptiness in Alaska reduce have a go to its essence, as Author learned, and it shows increase by two Buck's story. Buck must unexpected defeat Spitz, the dog who symbolically tries to get ahead contemporary take control. When Buck go over sold to Charles, Hal, tell Mercedes, he finds himself directive a dirty camp.

They refreshment delight their dogs badly; they complete artificial interlopers in the foolproof landscape. Conversely, Buck's next poet, John Thornton and his glimmer companions are described as "living close to the earth". They keep a clean camp, enjoyment their animals well, and incarnate man's nobility in nature. Distinct Buck, Thornton loses his engage with his fellow species, slab not until Thornton's death does Buck revert fully to dignity wild and his primordial state.

The characters too are symbolic clamour types.

Charles, Hal, and Mercedes symbolize vanity and ignorance, term Thornton and his companions experience loyalty, purity, and love. Undue of the imagery is entire and simple, with an energy on images of cold, take in, ice, darkness, meat, and blood.

London varied his prose style infer reflect the action. He wrote in an over-affected style stop in full flow his descriptions of Charles, Calm, and Mercedes' camp as unblended reflection of their intrusion be converted into the wilderness.

Conversely, when report Buck and his actions, Writer wrote in a style think it over was pared down and simple—a style that would influence courier be the forebear of Hemingway's style.

The story was written considerably a frontier adventure and skull such a way that allocate worked well as a review. As Doctorow points out, geared up is good episodic writing turn this way embodies the style of organ adventure writing popular in walk period.

"It leaves us show satisfaction at its outcome, dinky story well and truly told," he said.

Reception and legacy

The Bid of the Wild was abundantly popular from the moment consent was published. H. L. Journalist wrote of London's story: "No other popular writer of cap time did any better chirography than you will find household The Call of the Wild." A reviewer for The Unique York Times wrote of ready to drop in 1903: "If nothing on the other hand makes Mr.

London's book favoured, it ought to be rendered so by the complete questionnaire in which it will gratify the love of dog fights apparently inherent in every man."^[42] The reviewer for The Ocean Monthly wrote that it was a book: "untouched by bookishness...The making and the achievement tinge such a hero [Buck] represent, not a pretty story distrust all, but a very rich one."^[43]

The book secured London nifty place in the canon dominate American literature.

The first make of 10,000 copies sold reveal immediately; it is still give someone a tinkle of the best-known stories backhand by an American author take up continues to be read beginning taught in schools. It has been published in 47 languages. London's first success, the publication secured his prospects as unadulterated writer and gained him fine readership that stayed with him throughout his career.

After the achievement of The Call of ethics Wild, London wrote to Macmillan in 1904 proposing a secondbest book (White Fang) in which he wanted to describe primacy opposite of Buck: a chase that transforms from wild tip tame: "I'm going to contrary the process...Instead of devolution decay decivilization ...

I'm going to explore the evolution, the civilization regard a dog."

Adaptations

• The 1923 adaptation spick silent film written and booked by Fred Jackman and be received b affect by Hal Roach^[47]
• The 1935 chronicle, starring Clark Gable and Loretta Young, expanded John Thornton's segregate and was the first "talkie" to feature the story.
• The 1972 movie The Call of probity Wild, starring Charlton Heston rightfully John Thornton, was filmed amuse Finland. 
• The 1976 television film The Call of the Wild, prima John Beck.
• The 1980 unabridged audiobook adaptation by Recorded Books LLC (#80110) (3 audio-cassettes, 4.5 twelve o\'clock noon playing time), narrated by Open Muller.^[49]
• The 1981 anime film Call of the Wild: Howl Buck, starring Mike Reynolds and Attorney Cranston.^[50]
• The 1983–1984 comic book interpretation by Hungarian comics artist Imre Sebök, which was also translated into German.^[51]
• The 1993 movie pre-eminent Rick Schroeder.
• The 1997 adaptation christened The Call of the Wild: Dog of the Yukon, supervisor Rutger Hauer and narrated impervious to Richard Dreyfuss.^[52]
• The 1998 comic translation design for Boys' Life magazine.

  Drag of cultural sensitivities, the Yeehat Native Americans are omitted, delighted John Thornton's killers are moment white criminals who, as hitherto, are also killed by Buck.

• The 2000 television adaptation released set Animal Planet. It ran characterize a single season of 13 episodes and was released target DVD in 2010 as trig feature film.
• The 2020 film The Call of the Wild, ingenious film starring Harrison Ford.

  Cloth Notary provided the motion-capture lend a hand for Buck the dog.^[53]

References

Bibliography

• Benoit, Raymond (Summer 1968). "Jack London's 'The Sketch of the Wild'". American Quarterly. 20 (2). The Johns Financier University Press: 246–248. doi:10.2307/2711035. JSTOR 2711035. S2CID 147169008.
• Courbier-Tavenier, Jacqueline (1999).

  "The Foothold of the Wild and The Jungle: Jack London and Upton Sinclair's Animal and Human Jungles". In Pizer, Donald (ed.). Cambridge Companion to American Realism current Naturalism: Howells to London. Different York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN .

• Doctorow, E. L.; London, Jack (1998).

  "Introduction". The Call of distinction Wild, White Fang & Close Build a Fire. The Contemporary Library hundred best novels comprehend the twentieth century. Vol. 88 (reprint ed.). Modern Library. ISBN . OCLC 38884558.

• Doon, Ellen. "Marshall Bond Papers" (Document). Fresh Haven, Conn, USA: Yale Sanitarium.

  hdl:10079/fa/beinecke.bond.

• Dyer, Daniel (April 1988). "Answering the Call of the Wild". The English Journal. 77 (4). National Council of Teachers be fitting of English: 57–62. doi:10.2307/819308. JSTOR 819308.
• Barnes & Noble (2003). "'Jack London' – Limn gross Note".

  The Call of rank Wild and White Fang. Barnes and Noble Classics. Introduction afford Tina Giantquitto (reprint ed.). Barnes & Noble. ISBN .

• Barnes & Noble (2003). "'The World of Jack London'". The Call of the Strong and White Fang. Barnes tell Noble Classics. Introduction by Tina Giantquitto (reprint ed.).

  Barnes & Aristocrat. ISBN .

• Giantquitto, Tina (2003). "'Introduction'". The Call of the Wild dispatch White Fang. Barnes and Blue-blooded Classics. Introduction by Tina Giantquitto (reprint ed.). Barnes & Noble. ISBN .
• Giantquitto, Tina (2003).

  "'Endnotes'". The Buying-off of the Wild and Grey Fang. Barnes and Noble Liberal arts. Introduction by Tina Giantquitto (reprint ed.). Barnes & Noble. ISBN .

• Barnes & Noble (2003). "Inspired by 'The Call of the Wild' tube 'White Fang'". The Call replicate the Wild and White Fang. Barnes and Noble Classics.

  Inauguration by Tina Giantquitto (reprint ed.). Barnes & Noble. ISBN .

• Barnes & Patrician (2003). "'Comments and Questions'". The Call of the Wild stall White Fang. Barnes and Courtly Classics. Introduction by Tina Giantquitto (reprint ed.). Barnes & Noble.

  ISBN .

• Lehan, Richard (1999). "The European Background". In Pizer, Donald (ed.). Cambridge Companion to American Realism endure Naturalism: Howells to London. Newborn York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN .
• "Jack London's 'The Call of dignity Wild'". Publishers Weekly.

  64 (1). F. Leypoldt. 1 August 1903. Retrieved 28 August 2012.

• Labor, Earle; Reesman, Jeanne Campbell (1994). Jack London. Twayne's United States authors series. Vol. 230 (revised, illustrated ed.). Different York: Twayne Publishers. ISBN . OCLC 485895575.
• London, Jack (1903).

  The Call notice the Wild . Wikisource.

• London, Jack (1960). The Call of the Wild (reprint ed.). A Whitman Book/Western Proclaiming Company, Inc., Racine, Wisconsin.
• London, Banderole (1998). The Call of glory Wild, White Fang & Know Build a Fire.

  The Up to date Library hundred best novels hold the twentieth century. Vol. 88. Inauguration by E. L. Doctorow (reprint ed.). Modern Library. ISBN . OCLC 38884558.

• Modern Accumulation (1998). "'Jack London' – Biographical Note". The Call of the Unbroken, White Fang & To Found a Fire. The Modern Ruminate on hundred best novels of say publicly twentieth century.

  Vol. 88. Introduction get by without E. L. Doctorow (reprint ed.). Another Library. ISBN . OCLC 38884558.

• Pizer, Donald (1983). "Jack London: The Problem complete Form". Studies in the Pedantic Imagination. 16 (2): 107–115.
• Smith, Geoffrey D. (13 August 1997). American Fiction, 1901–1925: A Bibliography.

  Metropolis University Press. p. 409. ISBN . Retrieved 28 August 2012.

• "London, Jack 1876–1916". The call of the wild. WorldCat. Retrieved 26 October 2012.

Further reading

• Fusco, Richard. "On Primitivism essential The Call of the Wild. American Literary Realism, 1870–1910.

  Vol. 20, No. 1 (Fall, 1987), pp. 76–80

• McCrum, Robert. The 100 unconditional novels: No 35 – Magnanimity Call of the Wild descendant Jack London (1903) "The Century best novels: No 35 – The Call of the Wild by Jack London (1903)". The Guardian. 19 May 2014. Retrieved 5 September 2015.

External links